Notes on distribution. As this species cannot be easily identified from the more common Tringa nebularia in winter plumage. There might be some misidentifications in the migration and wintering records.

Russia

Sakhalin I. Endemic species of Russia. Not recorded on the Kuril Islands purposefully surveyed. Nests on Sakhalin island, the S.W. and N coastst Sea of Okhotsk. On dispersion and migration occurs on Kamchatka and Primorie.

Magadan Province mouth of the Gizhiga River, Group of 3. Specimen(s) collected, August 1901 (Alien 1905); mouth ot the Malkachan river, breeeding families (chicks and adults) observed in 1997 and 1998, and a flock of approx. 40 adults observed on 10 July 1998 ( Knodrat'ev&Andreev 1998; W. Forstmeier. pers. comm.); Ola lagoon (40 km N.E. of Magadan) several birds seen on the shoreline (Dorogoi 1997); Taui river mouth (110 km west of Magadan) 3 wandering birds in June 1987 (Kondratiev 1988);

Kamchatka Province Avacha River mouth, Kamchatka, Specimen(s) collected, before 1951 (Dementiev and Qadkov 1969); Bering Island (Commander islands), Specimen(s) collected, before 1951 (Dementiev and Qadkov 1969); mouth of the Stolbovaya River (12 km north of the mouth of Moroshechnaya river, kamchatkan west coast), 27 May 1971 3 pairs seen, one male shot (Gerassimov 1985); lower reaches of the Moroshechnaya river (west coast of Kamchatka) 22 May 1976 one male shot, displaying males and pairs on 21 and 26 May 1977 and 24-29 May 1980 (Gerassimov 1985).

Sakhalin the Chaivo bay, specimens obtained 7 Aug (check!) 1910 (Chersky 1915), nesting proved in 1975, downy chicks found, 10 breeding pairs per 10 sq km (Nechaev 1988), in 1983 - pairs, in 1984-85 - none (Nechaev 1991); frequent occurrence of non-breeding birds in 1988-91 (Blokhin 1998); the mouth of Goromai river, 4 breeding pairs in 1976 (Nechaev 1988); the mouth of Dagi river (Dagi bay) 4-6 breeding pairs and 16 non-breeders; the Lyarvo island (Dagi bay), 23 Jul 1984 2 broods (Nechaev 1991); the mouth of Vazi to Nabil river (Nabil'sky Bay) 11-16 Jul 1981, 4-5 broods recorded along a 20-km coastline route, the mouth of Orkun'ya river - 2-3 broods in 1986 (Nechaev 1991); the Lakh river estuary, presumably breeds (Poyarkov 1992); the southern Viakhtu Bay, 3-4 nesting pairs in 1984 (Nechaev 1991); the mouth of Tyk river, in 1984, approx. 10 pairs nested on the coast of the bay (Nechaev 1991); the mouth of Volchanka river (Baikal bay) 2-3 nesting pairs in 1988; the bays of Lun'sky, Nyivo, Pomr', Pil'tun Bays (northern Sakhalin), probaly nesting (Nechaev 1987); Astokh bay, specimen obtained 23 Aug 1988 (Zoomus. MGU); Moskal'vo Bay. speciemen obtained 23 June 1930 (ZooMus. MGU); the mouth of Tsusui river to Uspenovka (Naka-no) river (Aniva Bay coast) nested in early 1900s, gone by 1950s (Kuroda 1936, Nechaev 1988); Cape Terpeniya, family groups seen on 31 July and 31 August 1963, probably nesting (Bychkov 1976, argued by V.A. Nechaev, in litt.); Aniva Bay, Sakhalin. The colony of about 10 pairs on the shore of Aniva Bay was discovered in late May 1935. But human settlement had changed the habitat and they no longer breed at Aniva Bay. The colony was probably deserted in the 1950s (Nechayev 1984); Kaizuka, Chitose-mura (Old name). One collected on 30 May 1935. FMNH; Chirie-mura.(Old name) One immature female. 6 September 1926; Enoura, Rutaka-gun.(Old name) One male in breeding plumage collected at the end of May 1936. ANSP; Korsakov. Six specimens collected. Three adult male on 22 May 1938, 29 May 1938 and 10 July 1938. Two adult female on 22 May 1938 and 12 June 1938'. One female of unknown age on 19 May 1906. Yamashina Institute for Ornithology; Near Kotikovo. Two adult female collected on 6 and 7 September 1926. YIO;

Primorye Region Amur Bay, 1 m, 1 f spec. Dorries, Specimen(s) collected. May. August 1894 (BMNH (Tnng), observed in 1975 (Polivanov&Glushchenko 1977) ; Khanka Lake. 2 collected, Specimen(s) collected 27 Aug 1909 (ZooMuz MGUD); Troitskoe settlement (west Lake Khanka), female shot 2 Sep 1909 (Chersky 1915); De-Friz peninsula (Amursky inlet. Peter the Great Bay), observations over many years (1947-1978) indicate that the species is a rare passage-migrant - single birds and not of annual occurrence (Omel'ko 1971. 1981); mouth of the Barabashevka river ( "Kedrovaya pad"' nature reserve and its environs. S. coast Peter the Great Bay), noted (single bird) near on 18 May 1975 (Qushchenko & Shibnev 1984); in the mouth of the Amba river on 3 August 1976 (single bird) and in the mouth of the Petrovka river (2 birds) on 23 August 1976, (Qushchenko & Shibnev 1984); estuary of the Tumangan river (S. entrance to Peter the Qeat Bay), 2 juveniles feeding on the seashore daily from 19 to 24 September 1976, (Glushchenko & Shibnev 1984);

Khabarovsk Region (coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk): Okhota River mouth, obtained from small flock, Specimen(s) collected, July before 1951 (Dementiev and Qadkov 1969); Medvezhiy Island (Shantar archipelago, Sea of Okhotsk, Tuguro-Chumikanskiy district), several birds occasionally recorded in August 1978, scarce species, (Roslyakov 1987); coast near the mouth of the Uda river, one pair seen with downy chicks on 5 July 1991, rare breeder, (Pronkevich&Voronov 1992); southern parts of the Tugur bay, five breeding pairs in 1990 (Pronkevich&Voronov 1992); wet grass-sedge meadows in the mouth of Torom river (coast of Toromskaya Bay) two adults en passant on 16 July 1991 (B.A. Voronov. form); left bank in Osman Bay (Tugursky Bay, Tuguro-Chumikansky district), coastal meadow. , three pairs counted in July 1991, breeds in small numbers (B.A.Voronov, form); right bank of the bay, near the mouth of the Kutyn river (Tugursky Bay, Tuguro-Chumikanskiy district), pair with two downy chicks recorded on hummocky moss bog on 4 July 1991 breeds in small numbers, (Voronov form); southern part of the Konstantin Bay (Tugursky peninsula. Tuguro-Chumikanskiy district) 30 breeding pairs counted alongside coastal meadow, in the period 11-15 July 1991, common breeding species (Pronkevich&Voronov 1992; B.A. Voronov form); meadow and mudflats on seashore in the area between the estuaries of the Ul'ban and Syran rivers (Tuguro-Chumikanskiy district), 19 birds counted there in August 1989, scarce breeder, (Voronov & Pronkevich 1991); Mukhtel' Lagoon (Nikolai Bay) several flocks of 5-10 and up to 30-45 birds, all together about 150 individuals, counted 8-10 August 1996 (Babenko&Masterov 1997); seashore, mudflats in the tidal zone of the Schast'ya Bay (Nikolaevskiy district), 7 birds shot between 24 May and 10 June, females with developed follicles, scarce breeding species (Yakhontov 1962,1976); Langr Is. (Amur River mouth), Specimen collected 28 Aug 1909 (Buturlin 1910).

Distributional status: Range fragmented to small, localised pockets of breeding along coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk and movements along its coastline. Sporadically breeds in Magadan region and presumably on western Kamchatka, migrant ot their coasts. Within the Khabarovsk region distributed along the Sea of Okhotsk coast from the estuary of the Uda river to that of the Amur. On Sakhalin Island the present range of the species is not fully clarified. Distributed sporadically. Definitely breeds in northern districts of Sakhalin I.: on the north-east coast near NabiFskiy, Dagi and Chayvo bays, on the north-west coast along Viakhtu, Tyk and Baykal bays (Nechaev 1991), and also on the north-west coast in the Lakh river estuary (Poyarkov 1992). Perhaps also breeds on certain parts of the coast in and in other places. The colony on the coast of Aniva Bay (Kuroda 1936) probably vanished in the 1940s or 1950s (Nechaev 1991). In Ussuriland, occurs on passage, frequenting sandy and muddy beaches along the coast, also found at Lake Khanka (Omel"ko 1971; Omel'ko & Omel'ko 198'l).

Range changes: range contraction noted in the densely populated and oil and gas districts of Sakhalin's north-east coast (Nechaev 1991). Breeding sites are known for Udskaya Guba, Tugursky, Konstantina. Ul'banakiy and Schast'ya Bays. Further north found in isolated sites in Malkachan Bay (Magadan region) and Moroshechnaya river (westcoast Kamchatka).

Mainland China Passage migrant in spring and autumn, recorded over the eastern coast in China. While there should be little doubt on their distribution along the coast of China, the records should be examined carefully because this species is difficult to be distinguished from the more common Greenshank Tringa nebularia.

Hebei Province Beidaihe. Recorded in small numbers on passage (Scott 1989); 'Happy Island', south of Beidaihe. Eight adults seen in mid-August and one in early September 1994 (Dierschke and Heintzenberg 1994);

Shandong Province Coastal wetlands of Qingdao. Recorded as a rare bird. No details given (LiuDaiji et. al. 1994) Yellow River Delta Nature Reserve. Listed as a passage migrant byZhao & Song (1995). Probably not in high numbers;

Jiangsu Province Yancheng Marshes. A passage migrant here (Wang Hui 1991); Sheyang Salrwork, Yancheng Nature Reserve. Passage migrant. Foundin August to September. 2 birds were sighted in the winter of 1989/90 (Wang Hui & Du Jmjin 1993);

Shanghai Municipality Chengxing and Hengsha Islands Recorded here (Scott 1989); Eastern tidal flats of Chongming Island. Occurs on migration (Zhou Shi'e 1982. also Scott 1989).. Recorded in spring of 1982 and autumn 1995. Lownumber. (CuiZhixing& Chen Longxiao 1998); Coast of Pudong,. Recorded during the spring migration in 1997 (Yu Weidong et. al. 1998); Recorded at Chongming, Jinshan, Nanhui and Baoshan counties (Wang Zhengyi et.al. 1991);

Zhejiang Province. Hangzhou Bay. Eight seen in April 1987 (Scott 1989). One caught by local hunters in September 1986 (Howes 1986);

Fnjian Province Fuzhou (=Fuchow) November before 1951 (Dementiev and Qadkov (1969); Kinmen (=Jinmen, Quemoy). Two records in April 1991. Maximum count was 18 birds. Probably a regular migrant to this area (Sha Chien-chung in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Hainan Province Hoihow, Hainan. Two collected by Schmacker's collector in February c. 1892 (Styan 1894, Hartlaub 1899);

Hong Kong Inner Deep Bay, including Mai Po, Tin Shui Wai andTsim Bei Tsui. Passage migrant. More common in spring than autumn, also isolated winter records.(By Yu Yat-tung).

Taiwan Passage migrant. Found mostly along the western coast of Taiwan because of wider tidal flats available. Also found in Ilan of north-eastern Taiwan, and on the Penghu Islands. Yeliou, Taipei County. One record of one bird on 13 May 1988; Chinshan, Taipei. 1 bird in 1998; Kuantu, Taipei. Passage migrant. Mainly recorded from late April to early May. Maximum count was 8 on 4 May 1985; Lanyang Estuary, Ilan County. Passage migrant. Mainly recorded from late April to early May. Maximum count was 2 on 26 April 1980 (From Sha Chien-chung); Hsutsuokang, Tayuanhsiang. Taoyuan County. One record of one bird on 14 April 1996; Kangnan, Hsinchu County. Passage migrant. The only known site in Taiwan with significant autumn migration. Maximum count was 10 on 16 August 1992; Aoku, Chiayi County. Passage migrant. Only recorded in spring. Maximum count was 9 on 12 May 1990; Chuanhsing, Changhwa County. One record of one bird on 4 May 1986; Tsengwen Estuary. Tainan County. 1 bird in 1998 (Database of CWBF); Kaomei wetland, Taichung County. 1 bird in 1998 (Database of CWBF); Szutasu, Tainan City. Passage migrant. Maximum count was 12 on 27 August 1996; Chuhu, Kaohsiung. One record of one bird on 1 May 1987; Wushulin, Yung-an. Kaohsiung. Specimen collected on 26 November 1922. The first record for Taiwan (Lin 1997); Hualien Estuary, Hualien County. Two record of single bird in May 1995; Penghu Islands. Two sub-adults banded on 29 August 1994 (compiled by Sha Chien-chung from CWBF database);

North Korea

South Hamgyong Province Shinpo (=Sinp'o). One collected on 13 September 1912. First record in Korea. (Kuroda 1918);

South Korea

KyonggiProvince Unnam-ri, Yongjung Island. 28 seen on May 1988 (Scott 1989). Recorded once in the 6 autumn waterbird counts 1989-1991. One bird was sighted on 17 September 1989 (Won 1991). 2 in April-May 1998 (Moores 1999); Yongjung Island. 35-40 located around the island feeding. Sight record. May 1988 (Scott 1989). Two birds were observed in May 10-11, 1998 by Nial Moores (Lee Woo-shin in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Sammok Island. Recorded once in the four autumn waterbird counts in 1990 and 1991" One bird was sighted on 30 September 1990 (Won 1991); Kanghwa Island. Two and one birds were observed in May-10 and 25. 1998 by Nial Moores respectively (Lee Woo-shin in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Yocha-ri, south Kanghwa Island. 5 seen. Sight record. April-May 1988 (Scott 1989). One bird recorded in September during the waterbird survey conducted from April to November (Won 1991). 4 in April-May 1988. 3 in April-May 1998 (Moores 1999); Kulmae-ri, Asan Bay. Two birds studied on their feeding behaviour on 4 September 1989 (Swennen & Park 1991); Asan Bay. 17+ seen. Sight record. April-May 1988 (Scott 1989); Sorae Mudflats, Incheon City/Han River Estuary. In September 1961 and 1962. a total of 39 individuals were recorded, of which seven were collected, on wet mud and salt-flats, at Pori, Sorae, Inchoen City and along the west bank of the Han River near Kimpo (Fennell and King 1964); Namyang Bay, Hwasong-gun. Fourteen and eight birds were observed in 7th and 14th May 1988, respectively (Lee Woo-shin in litt. to S. Chan 1998). 60-79 seen. Largest concentration in recent years. Sight record in May 1988 (Scott 1989). Three birds were observed in May 8-9, 1998 by Nial Moores (Lee Woo-shin in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Unpyong-ri, Namyang Bay and Asan Bay. Minimum 28 birds, 10-11 May 1993 (Cresswell et al 1993).

South Kongsang Province Nakdong River Estuary. One male and bird was collected in 13th October I960 and April 29. 1991, respectively. One birds was observed in May 14, 1998 (Lee Woo-shin in litt. to S. Chan 1998). One bird was sighted at Taema-dung during the 21 censuses done from April 1992 to April 1993 (Kim & Won 1997);

North Cholla Province Seamankeum, including the estuaries of Mankyung and Tongjin Rivers. Peak count of 61 birds in 1998 (month unknown) (N. Moores in litt. to M. Rank December 1998); Tongjin River, Mankyung. One and two bird was observed in April 20 and May 21 1998, by Nial Moores respectively (Lee Woo-shin in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Japan

Hokkaido Shunkunitai, Nemuro-shi, 1 bird on 21 August 1993 (Birder 93/11); Hamatonbetsu-cho, Esashi-gun. Recorded on 3 June 1985 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1986); Mouth of Ishukari-gawa, Ishikari-gun. One bird was recorded in 1972 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Iwate Prefecture Furukawa-numa. Rikuzentakada-shi. Recorded. No detailed information (WBSJ Miyako Chapter database);

Miyagi Prefecture Sendai-shi. One on 17 April 1994 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1996);

Chiba Prefecture Urayasu-shi. One bird was recorded on 6 September 1966 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Mouth of Ichinomiya-gawa River, Chosei-mura, Chosei-gun. One bird was recorded on 21 August 1971 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Shinhama. Ichikawa-shi. One bird was recorded on 17 September 1972 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Tokyo Mouth of River Tama-gawa. Ota-ku. 1 bird on 5 September 1993 (Birder 93/11); Mouth of River Rokugo-gawa. One young bird on 23 September 1915 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1975);

Kanagawa Prefecture? Near Yokohama, 2 specimens collected (without dates - but very old specimens). Kept at ZSM.

Toyama Prefecture Kaio-machi, Shinminato-shi. Recorded on 9 October 1980, 31 August 1980 and 25 August 1987 (Database of WBSJ Toyama Chapter); Horioka, Shinminato-shi. Recorded on 26 August and 16 September 1990 (Database of WBSJ Toyama Chapter); Takaoka-shi. One bird was recorded on 25 August 1987 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Coast of Takamatsu. Recorded in September 1982 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Shizuoka Prefecture Showa-cho, Hamamatsu-shi. Recorded on 17 September 1995 (WBSJ Totomi Chapter database);

Aichi Prefecture Yatomi-cho, Ama-gun. One bird was recorded on 23 September 1973 and one on 18 September 1977 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Shiokawa Tidal Flat, Tahara-cho, Atsumi-gun. Single birds recorded on 13 April 1975, 12 November 1978, August 1981, from 8 September to 3 November 1985, 19 July 1986, 3 August 1987 and 5 September 1992 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Atsumi-cho, Atsumi-gun. One bird was recorded on

25 August 1987 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); No. 2 reclamation, Hekinan-shi. Single birds were recorded on 12 September 1976, 11 September 1977 and 14 September 1980 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Lot. Number 2, Nishio-shi. One bird was recorded on

26 May 1980 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Isshiki-cho, Hazu-gun. Single birds were recorded from 6-13 Sepetmber 1981, 16 August 1985 and 11 August 1992 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Fujimae Tidal Flat. Nagoya-shi. One bird was recorded on 25 September 1988 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Toyohashi-shi. One bird was recorded on 6 September 1992 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Lot. Number 14, Nishio-shi. One bird was recorded on 9 August 1992 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Hyogo Prefecture Nishinomiya-shi,. One bird was recorded on 17 April 1973 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Wakayama Prefecture Mihama-cho. Hidaka-gun. One young bird on 5 September 1993 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1994); Wada. Mihama-cho, Hidaka-gun. 1 bird on 5 September 1993 (Database of WBSJ Wakayama Chapter);

Tottori Prefecture Mouth of River Kasechi-gawa. Otsuka. Tohaku-cho, Tohaku-gun. Recorded on 5 September 1993 (Ootsuki in litt. to WBSJ);

Hiroshima Prefecture Minoshima Landfill. Fukuyama-shi. Single birds. 15 September 1976 and 30 August 1979 (WBSJ Hiroshima Branch 1998); Mitaraigawa-kako. Hatsukaichi-shi. One bird. 2-15 September 1979 (WBSJ Hiroshima Chapter database);

Yamaguchi Prefecture Shimonoseki-shi. 2 birds on 19 April 1992 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1993) One bird was recorded on 23 April 1974 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Ube-shi. One bird was recorded on 18 September 1977 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Mouth of Asa-gawa River. Sanyo-cho. One bird was recorded on 29 September 1979 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Tokushima Prefecture Mouth of River Yoshino-gawa, Tokushima-shi. Recorded on 23 August 1981 (1), 5 September 1981 (1). 7 September 1980 (1). 13 September 1983 (3), 14 September 1975 (1), 15 September 1977 (1), 3 October 1975 (1) (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998). Recorded on 15 September 1988 (Database of WBSJ Tokushima Chapter). Single birds on 2 May 1993 (Birder 93/7). 10 October 1993 (Birder 93/12). 8 May 1994 (Birder 94/7);

EhimePrefecture Mouth of Seki-gawa River, Doi-cho, Uma-gun. One bird was recorded on 5 September 1976 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Mouth of Shigenobu-gawa. One bird was recorded on 15 September 1980 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Kochi Prefecture Yoshikawa-mura, Kami-gun. One young bird from 11 to 15 September 1986 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1987);

Fukuoka Prefecture Sone Tidal Flat, Kokuraminami-ku, Kitakyushu-shi. Recorded on

3 January 1995 (2 birds. K. Samoto in litt. to WBSJ), 3 adult and 2 young on 30 September 1995 (WBSJ Kitakyushu Chapter database) 3 birds from 1 October to lO'October 1995 (Birder 95/12-3);

Saga Prefecture Daijukarami, Higashiyoga-cho, Saga-gun. Single birds.27 September 1997, 5 October'1997 and 12 October 1997 (Birder 97/12) 2 birds on 20 September 1997 (Birder 97/11);

Nagasaki Prefecture Isahaya-shi. One bird on 2 August 1991 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1992);

MiyazakiPrefecture Sadowara-cho, Miyazaki-gun. 2 birds in an eel pond on 8 September 1995 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1997)";

Kagoshima Prefecture Susaki, Kida, Kajiki-cho, Aira-gun. 1 juvenile bird from 30 September- 1 October 1995 (Birder 95/12-3); Manose-gawa River. Kaseda-shi. 1 bird on 24 September 1995 (Birder 95/12-3). 5 birds on 29 September 1985 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1986);

Okinawa Prefecture Manko, Tomigusuku-son, Okinawa Island. One bird was recorded 7 September to 13 October 1985 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998). Recorded on 15 September and 7 October 1985 (Wild Bird Society of Japan 1986); Yonashiro-cho, Nakagami-gun, Okinawa Island. One bird was recorded on 10 September 1981 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998); Iriomote-jima Island,. One bird was recorded on 15 May 1982 (Yanagisawa in litt. to S. Chan 1998);

Xuan Thuy Nature Reserve, Nam Ha, March 1989 (Scott eta}. 1989), two individuals, March and April 1991 (Lane etal. 1994), many sightmgs of between one and 14 birds, October to April, from 1994 onwards (J. C. Eames and Nguyen Cu in litt. 1997, Pedersen etal. 1998); Cua Day Estuary, Hai Phong, at least two individuals. April 1994 (Pedersen et al. 1998);

Kaoh Kapik. Koh Kong, 20 km south of Koh Kongtown, 13 recorded in January 1996 (Edwards 1997, Sun Mean in litt. 1997);

Thailand

Early reports derived from Surat Thani and Nakhon Si Thammarat (Deignan 1963, Medway and Wells 1976. Bain and Humphrey 1982). Predictions that 'it is certain to be met with on the coasts of Trang and Setul. and probably in other localities also" (Robinson and Kloss 1921) have been borne out by recent observations of a regular wintering population in these areas. Howes & Lambert (1987): Known to winter in coastal peninsula Thailand in small numbers but intensive field work by Interwader in Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia in the 1980s has failed to locate any substantial numbers of wintering birds. Ko Libong and possibly Khao Sam Roi Yot were the only identified areas up to 1987 that this species appeared to winter.

Samut Songkhram, including Wat Bang Boe, Inner Gulf of Thailand, listed by Deignan (1963), one individual, 29 October 1991 (P. D. Round in litt. 1998); Bang Poo, Inner Gulf of Thailand, a number of sight ings (1-3 birds) during the 1980s, spanning the period 29 October to 4 May (P. D. Round in litt. 1998); Khao Sam Roi Yot, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, annual winter visitor in small numbers (1-4 birds) to beach areas lying outside the park boundary, with most records falling between November and February (Parr etal. 1993, Round in litt. 1998); Ko Samui. Surat Thani, one 7 February 1990 (T. Tobish in litt. to P. D. Round year?); Pak Phanang (Laem Talumphuk Non-Hunting Area). Nakhon Si Thammarat. listed by Jorgensen (ref?) from specimens collected by Aagaard (when?); Laem Pakarang. Phangnga. one individual. 24 October 1994; Krabi Bay (Pak Nam Krabi), annual winter visitor and perhaps spring passage migrant, between one and ten birds recorded most winters, the largest count being 20, March 1991 (P. D. Round in lift. 1998); Bo Muang Beach. Krabi. a single sighting, January 1979 (Mark Chapman verbally to P. D. Round year?): Ko Libong Non-Hunting Area, Trang Province, annual winter visitor and perhaps spring passage migrant with between one and ten birds recorded during most winters: 11 individuals, December 1985 (Parish 1986). a maximum of 22 birds, March 1992 (P. D. Round in lift. 1998); Pattani Bay. unspecified records (listed by Intenvader or Asian Wetland Bureau); Samut Sakhon, one bird. November or December 1984 (Bijlsma and de Roder 1986);

Myanmar

A rare winter visitor (Peacock 1933).

Hephant Point-China Bakeer, two birds, December 1875 (one in BMNH; Armstrong 1876); Beloo Gyoon Island [=Bilugyun Is.],-before 1900 (one specimen in BMNH, Smythies 1986); Amherst [=KyaikkamiJ. two specimens, December 1876, and four more, January 1877 (three in BMNH; Hume and Davison 1878, Harting 1883);

Unspecified locality: Yangon (Rangoon), unspecified date (Harington 1909a);

Malaysia

Malaysia appears to be one of the main wintering grounds for this species and in the 1960's flocks of up to 90 were recorded. The only recent record is of a flock of 29 in Selangor but the best wader area has not been explored in recent years (Proceedings of conference of Asian ICBP 1980). Kuala Kedah, two collected, November 1907 (Robinson and Kloss 1911); Kuala Kurau, Perak coast, c.10 km south of Penang. three collected, February 1908 (Robinson and Kloss 1911); Kuala Selangor. Recorded in very small numbers. Sight record, Passage before 1989 (Scott 1989); Kuala Selangor salt field, flock of 29 in March 1978; part of influx of several thousand waders suggestive of northern passage, so that it need not have wintered locally; (Wells 1984); Kuala Selangor Nature Park, south side of Sungei Selangor, Selangor, listed as recorded (IUCN Malaysia working group Directory of Asian wetlands]; Kuala Selangor Southern Mangrove Forest, between Kuala Selangor and Sungei Buloh , Selangor, recorded in very small numbers (IUCN Malaysia working group Directory of Asian wetlands; Kapar Power Station, one adult recorded at wader roost in August 1989 (Enggang Vol 2 No 9 September 1989). three observed n November 1998 (Suarra Enggang November-December 1998); one observed in March 1999, (Suarra Enggang March-April 1999). 3 were seen on 4 April 1999. Seems regular in this place (K. Tagi in litt. to S. Chan 5 Apr. 1999); Tanjong Karang, Selangor. 3 were sighted on 20 November 1988 and that was the first record on the west coast of Malaysia for the last 10 years. 19 were sighted again on 23 December 1988 (Bakewell 1989). Wader roost recorded between 5-16 in April 1989 and one in May 1989 (Enggang Vol 2 No 5 September 1989), one in February 1989; (Enggang Vol 2 No 3 March 1989); Pulau Tengah, Selangor, one recorded in February 1986, a presumed wintering date (Wells 1990c); One present in late January 1990 (Enggang 1990 Vol 3 Nol);

Singapore

Extralimital. a very rare winter visitor with only two records and none confirmed since 1981(Seng 1994 OBC Bulletin 19); Changi, one on coast November-December 1981, (Wells 1986); Serangoon estuary, ec Singapore (1 23N 103 56E [B/A/A/ ]). Recorded. Sight record (believed to be reliable), before 1989 (Scott (1989); Jurong/West Coast Road. Singapore, 2 October 1963. up to 5 birds seen on several subsequent occasions. October-December 1963 (Medway and Wells 1964);

Char Piya Is., Noakhali dist. (22 33N 91 17E [I/A/A/ ]), 3 seen, Sight record (believed to be reliable), Jan/Feb. 1989 (Bakewell and Howes (1989);

Cebu. Recorded. Specimen(s) collected, before 1971 (Dufont (1971); Minglanilla, Cebu. One male collected on 24 November 1906. AMNH; Luzon. Recorded. Specimen(s) collected. Winter before 1971 (Dufont (1971);

Cemara River mouth, Berbak Game Reserve Sumatra, Recorded, Sight record, before 1989 (Scott (1989); Hutan Bakau Pantai Timor, Desa Pemusiran&K.Tungkal, Jambi, Sumatra. 2 recorded, Sight record (believed to be reliable), before 1989 (Scott (1989);

Bangladesh

Mentioned as a winter visitor by Ripley (1982). Rashid (1967) considered the species a likely winter visitor to coastal regions. Although it is listed for the country by Khan (1982), he attaches the information: 'no sight record so far/ suggesting that the species had been searched for unsuccessfully. Winter waterbird counts on caostal islands in 1987 produced records of this species (Rashid 1993).

Padma-Meghna delta, Nijhum Dweep, 200 individuals. January 1988 (Rashid 1989) and Moulovir Char, 100 individuals. January 1988 (Rashid 1989), although in the subsequent three years the winter totals for these areas was three, one and two individuals respectively (Thompson et al. 1993); South Halishahar Beach. Chittagong, eight individuals, January 1988 (N. P. van Zalinge in litt. 1989); Patenga, 'a few observations' of up to two individuals in winter, January 1988. January 1990, March 1990, January 1991 (Thompson etal. 1993, Thompson and Johnson 1996); Hakaiuki Haor, Chatla Beel, 25 individuals, December 1992 (Thompson et al. 1993);

Nepal

A report from Sauraha, Chitwan National Park, January 1981 (del Nevo and Ewins 1981), remains unconfirmed.

India

Unspecified records: Kaziranga National Park, listed by Bhattacharjee etal. (1996), presumably in error, Calcutta district (22 40N 88 20E [P/A/C/ ]), Collected, Specimen(s) collected, before 1951 (Dementiev and Gladkov (1969);

Russia

Numbers On the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka presumably within 20 pairs. Approx. 200-300 birds (20-30% of the world population) on S.W. coasts of the Sea of Okhotsk (Voronov & Pronkevich 1991). Extinct from south Sakhalin in 1940-50s (Nechaev 1988). The total population in northern parts of Sakhalin surveyed in the period 1985-1990 does not exceed 40-50 pairs (V.A. Nechaev, form). Flocks of up to 10 birds recorded during the migration period on Sakhalin (Nechaev 1991). Rare in Ussuriland: single birds (rarely small parties) and not every year.

Trend: Numbers at critically low level. Several breeding sites known earlier on Sakhalin (Aniva Bay. Baikal Bay) disappeared. The one on the south counted at least 11 pairs (Kuroda 1936). The breeding aggregation in southern Chaivo Bay counted 10 pairs nested within 9 sq km in 1975-76, only 3 pairs in 1983. and none in 1984-85 and later on (Nechaev 1987). Autumnal flocks of 50 birds were recorded on southern Sakhalin in the 1930s (Kuroda 1936), not more than 7-10 birds nowadays. Decrease in numbers noted in the oil and gas districts of Sakhalin's north-east coast (Nechaev 1991).

Hong Kong

Thenumber had increased from 12 (1985) to a maximum of 58 (1993). Decline in recent years with 11 in 1994 and20 in 1995. The extreme date is from 26 March to 27 June. Peak passage for adult is in the first half of April and first winter birds in mid-May. There are only three autumn records: one in Sept. andtwo in Oct. as well as a sole record in Dec.(By Yu Yat-tung).

Korea

Recently [Spring 1995?] counted 52 at a new west coast locality (Park Jin-young verbally to Mike Crosby 1995). Between 98 to 135 individuals were seen in South Korea during an extensive survey in May 1988 (Long et. al. 1988)

Vietnam

It winters in small numbers on the Red River delta. Vietnam and one site in Cambodia. In Thailand, there are no sizeable concentrations (Howes and Lambert 1987), with probably less than 100 birds present each non-breeding season (P. D. Round in lift. 1998).

Myanmar

It was described as 'very rare' (Harington 1909a, Peacock 1933), or 'decidedly rare' in the entire Rangoon district (Armstrong 1876). The species is described as 'rare in collections, probably on account of its resemblance to true Greenshank" (Robinson and Kloss 1921-31). However, there is no evidence that it was ever much more abundant than we find it today, perhaps due to specialised breeding requirements.

Bangladesh

The species is a 'scarce' winter visitor to coastal regions, not always recorded or recorded in small numbers on January counts in the Padma-Meghna delta in the 1990s (Thompson etal. 1993, Thompson and Johnson 1996) although several hundred individuals were counted there in 1988 (Rashid 1989).

Early statements regarding the species were often confused by perceived difficulties of identification. Smythies (1986) stated that the species was 'very like Common Greenshank" in appearance, but more recent information allows the two species to be separated with ease (see Howes and Lambert 1987, Kennerley and Bakewell 1988?). Assertions that the species is 'very wary' and "never solitary' (Smythies 1986) have not been found to be the case, with single and fairly tame individuals occurring fairly regularly, at least on migration (Kennerley and Bakewell 1987).

Habitats:

Russia the bird needs a combination of sparse larch forest (for nesting), wet seaside meadows interspersed with the piles of driftwood (brooding) and coastal mudflats (adult feeding) (Pronkevich&Voronov 1992). In fact, the chain of this typically "okhotskian"' habitat stretches over coastal lowlands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk from Amur mouth to southern Kamchatka and is widely present on northern Sakhalin; many sites of this chain remain poorly known. The present species" status is apparently way behind the habitat capacity (A.V. Andreev, pers. obs.). On north-eastern Sakhalin, their breeding habitats are located on coastal lowlands - a slightly swamped belt of shoreline meadows and boggy sparse larch forests alongside seashores and deeper inland. The meadows around brackish and fresh water ponds, lakes, ditches, shallow seaward lagoons, and wide muddy channels. Drained lakeshores and riverbanks are vegetated by grass-sedge meadows with dense ground layer of creeping halophytes. Birds nest on the edges of larch stands in the vicinity of lakes and bogs as far as 10 km inland and feed on the silt tidal shores of lagoons, or shallow lakes (Nechaev 1991).

Wintering grounds. Wintering birds are found on estuaries, coastal mudflats and lowland swamps, occasionally with mangroves or beds of seagrass. They are also occasionally encountered in willow beds, meadows by streams, salt-pans and rice paddies (del Hoyo etal. 1996). Other reports suggest that the species frequents the more exposed, sandy or gravelly beach areas. On the sea coast of Myanmar, Armstrong (1876) found them feeding on extensive sand banks in the company of a large flock of sand plovers. While Smythies (1986) considered that they inhabited mudflats fully exposed to the sea, but 'not up tidal creeks". Gates (1883b) was of the opinion that they ranged up the banks of larger rivers with tidal influence. Of five individuals studied in Thailand, 1984. four were recorded on coastal mudflats and one in a saltpan (Bijlsma and de Roder 1986). Ripley (1982) states that the species 'affects sandbars and mudflats in large rivers and near the sea."

The species tends to feed in tide pools and in shallows. It does not generally associate with its closest relative, the Common Greenshank, either when feeding or roosting. Unlike this species, it will roost by perching in mangrove trees or the bamboo stakes of offshore fish-traps at high tide (Bijlsma and de Roder 1986).

Food

The species feeds on small mudfish (mudskippers??). Crustacea, larvae and small molluscs (Smythies 1986). It apparently shows a preference for crabs which, when small, are swallowed whole, but when large are shaken until their legs are removed, allowing the body and legs to be swallowed separately (del Hoyo et al. 1996). It generally feeds during low tide on tidal flats, preferring the tide-line and roosting at high-tide, preferably in shallow water (del Hoyo et al. 1996). While foraging, it takes single and multiple pecks with its bill slightly opened, moving its head rhythmically from side to side. It also runs after some prey, perhaps small fish, with its bill held low (del Hoyo et al. \ 996). Russia nine-spike stickleback, olygochaetes, polychaetes, small crustaceans, mollusks, water and terrestrial invertebrates (Yakhontov 1963, Nechaev 1979, Babenko&Masterov 1997; B.A.Voronov, form,). In the vicinity of their breeding grounds, the food consists primarily of Sticklebacks Pingitius pungitius sinensis, polycheate worms, small crustaceans and insects (Nechaev 1982), The main food in the breeding ground is (same as the above). They feel the soil by plunging half of their bill into ooze, or catch their prey from the surface. They also run rapidly after receding wave to catch small crustaceans. They may plunge their heads into deeper water. One bird has been observed to quickly agitate the wet ooze with its bill to pick up submerged worms. They also pierce the grass thickets to catch sticklebacks. Once the stickleback is caught the bird will bring it ashore or to a log and dash it before swallow the fish (Nechaev 1984) Korea

Swennen and Park (1991) observed the following feeding behaviour of two autumn migrants feeding on soft mudflats on 4 September 1989. Prey taken were always crabs Macrophthalmus japonicus of an estimated carapace width of 15-20 mm. They were severely shaken before swallowed. Legs that fell off were taken last. Some crabs were washed before swallowed. The largest and smallest crabs were neglected. The birds located their prey by eye and captured them via short runs or flights. Crabs retreated into mud as they saw the bird so it seems the bird was feeding in the 'centre of an area without crabs. No probing for crabs in mud was observed. The birds obviously neglected small fish Acanthogobhis hasta and numerous shrimps Exopalaemon carinicauda they encountered. Thailand

Howes & Lambert (1987) found the feeding behaviour of this species was distinctly different from that of Tringa nebularia at their wintering ground at Ko Libong, Thailand. T. nebularia were observed chasing small fish (<40 mm in length) whilst running rapidly through the shallows. T. guttifer moved more slowly and made continuous multiple pecks in the sandy bottom of the pools with an open bill, moving the head from side to side in the manner of Avosetta recurvirostra. Between pools the birds usually moved faster with single pecks. It is a less active feeder than T. nebularia. Nine prey items were seen. Seven of those were swimming crabs of the Family Portunidae whilst the other two were fish. The crabs were caught in pools and varied in carapace width from about 5-40 mm. Small crabs were swallowed almost immediately, the larger ones being carried to the pool edge and shaken until some or all of the legs were broken off. The body was then swallowed whole, followed by the legs. This progress lasted up to 24 seconds. Two fish of length 30 and 40 mm were captured during periods of multiple pecking in the shallow pools and were immediately swallowed head first.

At Kaho Sam Roi Yot, they were foraging near the waters edge on a coarse sand substrate, running fast in a manner of a Xenus cinereus. They probably preyed on crabs of the Family Oxipodidae (Howes & Lambert 1987).

At Ko Libong, Thailand, the species is reported to be an active and solitary feeder in a manner similar to the Common Greenshank, jabbing and probing in pursuit of visually detected prey (Bijlsma and de Roder 1986). On all recorded occasions (n=l 1) this involved crabs with carapace lengths between 0.5 and 6 cm (Bijlsma and de Roder 1986). In contrast, Howes and Lambert (1987) found the foraging behaviour of the two species at the same site to be 'distinctly-different". They judged Spotted Greenshank to be less active, moving more slowly and making 'continuous multiple pecks in the sandy bottom of the pools with an open bill, moving the head from side to side in the manner of an Avocet Avosetta recurvirostra.

Prey items are often difficult to accurately identify. At Ko Libong the species was seen to ingest 'swimming crabs" Portunidae (probably Portunis sangiiirolentus and/¹, pelagicus) with carapaces of between 5 and 40 mm in width, and tiny fish, including two between 30 and 40 mm (Howes and Lambert 1987). On one occasion each, a Grey Plover Phivialis squatarola and a Redshank Tringa totamis attempted to dispossess a Spotted Greenshank of its prey \\ithout success. At Khao Sam Roi Yot, individuals foraged more rapidly, staying near the water's edge on a coarse sand substrate. Prey were not conclusively identified but sampling of the area suggested that crabs of the family Oxipodidae were likely to have been prominent in the diet (Howes and Lambert 1987). Foraging behaviour studied at Ko Libong Thailand. It appeared distinctly different to that of Common Greenshank, in that it was a less active feeder, moving slowly and making continuous multiple pecks in sandy bottom of pools, feeding primarily on crabs.(Interwader Annual report 1986)

Breeding

The display period starts in late May and proceeds until early July (Gerassimov 1985, Nechaev 1991). On Sakhalin island, they tend to breed in loose clusters counting 3-10 pairs. The nests are build at sparse-wood swamps, on larch trunks or thick branches 2 - 4.5 m above ground, the building proceeds from late May through mid-June. The nest cup is made of larch twigs and bunches of bushy lichens (Alectoria up., Usnea sp.), always well camouflaged from above by larch canopy. The laying proceeds by first half of June, normal clutch size - 4 eggs,. Both parents incubate. Chicks hatch from last week of June till mid-July, right away they are driven by parents to the coastal meadows, where broods stay nearby shallow ponds fringed by dense vegetation. The parents from several broods aggregate to distract disturbing men, reindeer, or crows. Juveniles take on the wing and leave their home habitats by mid August -early September (Nechaev 1991).

Nechaev (1982) states it starts nest building in late May to early June.

(Probably description of the breeding grounds at Chaivo Bay, Sakhalin): Build their nests in the near-shore, sparse and marshy larch forests. The trees are low with flag-shaped crowns on wind-bent trunks, and are closely overgrown with barbate lichen. During the nesting and afternesting seasons the birds find their food on swampy shores of lakes which are fringed by marestail and sedge. They bring their chicks there and stay with them until the autumn migration. The birds come to their breeding sites in the second half of May. They arrive in pairs or in flocks, and immediately make their nesting sites. Nest on trees, the five nests found at Chaivo Bay were in larch trees at a distance of 0.5 to 3 km from the shore of the lagoon. This species is more agile in trees than other sandpipers. The nest is made of dry thin twigs of larch paved with lichen. The nest is built at forking of two or three branches of the main tree trunk or in lateral branches, at an altitude of 2-4.5 m from the ground. Nest is build and eggs are laid in the first half of June. Late pairs begin to breed in the middle of June. If the laying is lost they do not make another nest. The two full clutches found contained four eggs each. Brooding is shared equally by male and female. Chicks hatch towards the end of June and early July. Chicks leave nest on the second day (Nechaev 1984).

Migration

In spring mostly arrive to northern Sakhalin from the mainland in last ten days of May; a small number of birds also arrive from Japan, their migration was observed in the period 19-29 May; return migration of adults occurs in late July - early August, juveniles pass until 6-7 September (Nechaev 1991). On the Tyuleny Island was recorded on spring migration in the period 21 through 29 May 1958-62; on the fall migration - from 12 August to 6 October with the peak (flocks 10-40 birds) between 23 August and 22 September (Bychkov 1976).

Migration

Taiwan

A passage migrant to Taiwan. More often seen during spring migration (Sha Chien-chung).

South Korea

The occurrence of this species in Korea is restricted to two relatively short periods: spring (9 observations between 1 - 22 May) and autumn (7 observations between 4 September to 13 October) (Swennen & Park 1991).

Thailand

The latest spring record at Krabi in peninsular Thailand was of two birds on 13 May (what year?) (P. D. Round in litt. 1998).

Threats:

Russia Habitat loss under grazing and continuous disturbance on the northern okhotskian seacoast, Tauisk Bay (Andreev, pers. obs.). Habitat changes (wetlands) as a result of the opening-up of parts of Northern Sakhalin for the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, illegal snooting (trapping) of birds during migration and on their wintering grounds, disturbance (Nechaev, form). Grazing by domestic reindeer leads to a degradation of the chicks" main habitat-coastal meadows (Tugursky Bay and Konstantin Bay), birds are killed by dogs and shot by man (B.A. Voronov, form). Nest destruction by increasing number of crows (Gusakov, RDB). Habitat changes as a result of the economic development / opening-up of the areas concerned. Hunting of migrating waders (Nazarov. form). Human activity, mostly poaching, is the main threat of this species in the breeding ground. Breeding birds are also disturbed by fishermen, tourists, reindeer breeders and herdsmen with dogs. (Nechaev 1984)

Mainland China Hunting of shorebirds is a threat to all shorebird species in Shanghai. A survey carried out by Ma Ming et. al. in spring 1998 found 398 birds of 19 shorebirds species captured as food in Shanghai. One Nordmann's Greenshank was captured on 15 April 1998 at east coast of Miaogang. It is estimated about 500 trappers in Shanghai. (Ma Minget. al. 1998.) Total number of birds trapped in one season unknown.

Hong Kong See Spoonbilled Sandpiper on threats in Inner Deep Bay.

South Korea Tidal flats in Korea are important for this species because it is the first opportunity for them to feed on rich feeding grounds and to start the important prebasic moult before leaving for the wintering grounds in SE Asia; and the last opportunities for them to collect energy in the tidal zone for their flight to their breeding ground in the north (Swennen & Park 1991). "

Major threat is reclamation of mudflat in west seashore, and it will be considerable that mudflat degradation by sewage output from contaminated river nearby metropolitan city (Lee Woo-shin inlitt. to S.Chan 1998).

Malaysia The shorebird roost at Tanjong Karang, Selangor, Malaysia was regularly shot at by hunters (Bakewell 1989).

South East and South Asia Throughout south-east Asia, coastal sites face development and are increasingly used by a burgeoning human population. This trend has important implications for threatened shorebirds and their conservation. The important wintering sites for the Spotted Greenshank are dealt with here on a country-by-country basis.

Bangladesh: The proposed Sandwip Cross-dam is likely to cause considerable alteration in coastal habitats of the Padma-Meghna delta, but it is not known what these effects are likely to be, nor their impact on bird populations (Rashid 1989) still the case?. Destruction of coastal wetlands and an increased use of mudflats by people are presumably threatening the species (P. Thompson inlitt. 1997).

Myanmar. Nothing has been published about the recent wintering range of the species in the country, and few data are available on the status of shorebird habitat. The inter-tidal area of the Irrawaddy delta is enormous, and presumably retains great importance for this species, and perhaps the Spoon-billed Sandpiper.

Thailand: The reclamation and urbanisation of coastal areas pose the greatest threats (P. D. Round in lift. 1998). In general, a combination of high hunting levels and habitat modification has greatly reduced the populations of wintering waders in the country (Ruttanadakul and Ardseundern 1987). The area of Pattani Bay and Ko Libong provide a good example of the types of problem faced at important coastal wetlands (Swennen etal. 1986, Jintunagool and Round 1989, Everaarts etal. 1994). Shorebird feeding areas are disturbed by fishermen and collectors of bivalves, anemones, sea cucumbers and crabs. Local villagers intensively hunt and snare waterbirds. Inter-tidal areas are polluted by heavy metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons, mostly as a direct result of local industrial activities, the run-off of agricultural chemicals and the indiscriminate dumping of waste around villages. Moreover, the construction of salt pans and shrimp ponds is greatly reducing the available area of foraging habitat. Boats from outside the area frequently enter the bay in order to fish \\ith push-nets. This method disturbs the sea-bed and is opposed by local people as it reduces the long-term productivity of the area (Jintanugool and Round 1989).

Although the Spotted Greenshank was not reported amongst the 8,379 shorebirds trapped by villagers around Pattani Bay in 1986 (Ruttanadakul and Ardseungern 1987), it presumably suffers from this intense and indiscriminate persecution when it is present. Villagers along the gulf coast of Thailand use several hunting techniques to capture and kill shorebirds for sale in markets as food (see Nabhitabhata and Somrang 1986 for discussion). The efficiency of these methods is indiscriminately decimating wader populations in the area.

Wetland areas in and around Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park in Thailand face a bleak future: encroachment continues apace, community support for the park is suppressed by the activities of wealthy landlords and there is little political resolve to facilitate the management process (Parr etal. 1993). Local people hunt wildlife throughout the area (Jintanugool and Round 1989). Furthermore, shorebird wintering areas in the inner gulf sites, such as Bang Poo, have been almost totally destroyed by industrial development during the 1990s. It is unlikely that the Spotted Greenshank will return to these areas unless the areas of suitable habitat are developed and set aside for conservation purposes (P. D. Round in litt. 1998).

The Wildlife Conservation Division is responsible for publicising existing legislation, and this should be conducted more comprehensively \\ith a view to informing villagers, police and government officials that most wetland birds are protected by law (Jintanugool and Round 1989).

Vietnam: Three main threats have been identified for the Red River delta area in Vietnam, and these are relevant to most estuarine or coastal sites in which the species winters: reclamation of intertidal areas for aquacultural development, disturbance by collectors of marine products and intensive hunting (Pedersen et al. 1998, which see for fuller discussion, summarised in Threats section under Black-faced Spoonbill Platalea minor).

Cambodia: Shorebirds are frequently poisoned and hunted with nets for food in the country. Moreover, aquacultural development and charcoal production is quickly reducing the available area of mudflats and mangroves (Sun Hean in lift. 1997, C. Poole in lift. 1999). Koah Kapik is reportedly heavily hunted for migratory shorebirds using nets and tapes and the mangrove area was virtually clear-felled in August-September 1998 (C. Poole in lift. 1999).

Russia

Included in the RDBs of IUCN, Russia, South Korea, also in the Appendix to the Soviet-Japanese Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Birds.

Mainland China

A national protected species (Category 11)

Hong Kong

See Spoonbilled Sandpiper on conservation of Inner Deep Bay.

South Korea

It is designated as endangered species by ministry of environment.

Thailand

Much of Kaoh Kapik falls \\ithin the Peam Krasop wildlife sanctuary, a proposed Ramsar site (Sun Hean in lift. 1997). Xuan Thuy Nature Reserve (for description see Measures taken under P. minor) has been established as a Ramsar site and nationally recognised reserve, but conservation management is yet to be implemented (Nguyen Cu in lift. 1997, Pedersen etal. 1998). In Thailand, the species is protected under WARPA. The Asian Wetland Bureau undertook an ecological evaluation of the mangroves and mudflats at Krabi. Thailand, and initiated some ecotourism and educational programmes intended to benefit conservation in the area (Parr 1988). A campaign to save Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park in Thailand was undertaken in 1991 with funds provided by the Oriental Bird Club (Parr etal. 1993). The Ko Libong wintering site is protected within a Non-Hunting Area (Jintunagool and Round 1989).

Russia

Early summer surveys of probable breeding habitats in okhotskian lagoons south-west of Okhotsk settlement and between the Urbeya river and Cape Onatsevich. Setting and monitoring a network of species" oriented summer wildlife refuges (Andreev, pers. op.). Habitat conservation, the setting up of permanent and temporary protected areas on the known breeding grounds. Ban the hunting of waders (Nechaev, form). As a minimum, a sanctuary should be set up in Konstantin Bay; there should be a strict regulation of the exploitation of natural resources in areas where the species breeds, and reindeer herding should be moved temporarily elsewhere (for the period when the chicks are developing) in all breeding localities.

Vietnam

Establishment and proper management of Red River delta reserves is required (Nguyen Cu in lift. 1997). In particular, Xuan Thuy Nature Reserve requires more effective management and a reserve is required at Cua Day estuary (Pedersen etal. 1998, which see for a fuller discussion, and equivalent section under/¹, minor).

Cambodia

The Kaoh Kapik site in Cambodia is thought to be one of the best surviving representatives of coastal mudflats, and coastal Melaleuca mangroves forests in the Gulf of Thailand (Edwards 1996). Efforts should be made to protect habitat and wildlife in this area.

Thailand

The area of mudflats and mangroves near Krabi, Thailand, should be incorporated within Hat Nopparat Tara National Park and protected from disturbance, over-exploitation and habitat destruction (Parr 1988). The Asian Wetland Bureau undertook an ecological evaluation of the mangroves and mudflats at Krabi and initiated some ecotourism and educational programmes intended to benefit conservation in the area (Parr 1988). To reduce hunting of shorebirds in southern Thailand, alternative practices would be encouraged most successfully among coastal villagers through education programmes and alleviation of poverty at key sites such as Pattani Bay (Ruttanadakul and Ardscungnern 1987). Conservation action at Khao Sam Roi Yot National Park in Thailand should be targeted at formulating and enacting a realistic plan that incorporates ecological management with the needs of local people (Parr et al. 1993). Areas of Pattani Bay should be set aside as a conservation area, perhaps in conjunction with the adjacent Prince of Songkla University which could manage the area as a biological research station (Swennen etal. 1986).

Nabhitabhata and Somrang (1986) advocate the declaration of selected coastal sites as non-hunting areas that are patrolled to prevent illegal hunting. They also suggest that improved information is required, perhaps in the form of distributed booklets for locals, to inform villagers of legislation protecting \\ild birds in the country. The rapid pace of development in the Thai peninsula suggests that effective legislative protection is required as rapidly as possible for as many areas as possible (Parish 1984). This will not only help to protect the waders of the area but the nursery ground for fish and prawn species which are so commercially valuable to the country as a whole.

Myanmar

Research into the status and conservation requirements of species utilising habitats in the Irrawaddy delta is an urgent priority.